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The deflecting torque in an instrument may be produced by

  • The deflecting torque in an instrument may be produced by Magnetically, Electrostatically and Thermally.
  • Instruments such as moving-coil galvanometers and voltmeters use magnetic deflecting torque, where a magnetic field is used to deflect a coil or a permanent magnet attached to a pointer.
  • Electrostatically deflected instruments, such as electrostatic voltmeters, use an electric field to produce a deflecting torque.
  • Thermally deflected instruments, such as bimetallic thermometers, use differential thermal expansion of two different metals to produce a deflecting torque.
  • Therefore, the deflecting torque in an instrument may be produced magnetically, electrostatically, thermally, or by other methods, depending on the specific design of the instrument.