1. A single-phase half-wave rectifier is a type of circuit that converts AC voltage into DC voltage.

2. During the positive half-cycle of the AC voltage, the diode in the circuit conducts and allows current to flow through the load.

3. During the negative half-cycle of the AC voltage, the diode blocks current flow and the load is effectively disconnected from the AC source.

4. The output voltage of the half-wave rectifier is the voltage across the load resistor, which is equal to the voltage across the diode during the conducting half-cycle.

5. The peak voltage of the AC source is the maximum voltage that occurs during the positive half-cycle of the AC voltage.

6. The average DC output voltage of the half-wave rectifier can be calculated by multiplying the peak voltage by a factor of 0.827.

DC_avg = 0.827 × Vpeak 

Ratio of average DC output voltage to per phase maximum AC voltage

= DC_avg ⁄ V_peak = 0.827 V